•Chapter 10
Medieval Europe
•If the populace knew with what idiocy they were ruled, they would revolt.
•Charlemagne
•Section 1
Feudalism
•End of the Carolingian Empire
•Charlemagne dies in 814
•Holy Roman Empire is broken apart
•Each King/Noble sought to assert their authority
•Empire divided into three areas
•Viking invasion
•Vikings came from Scandinavia
•They were made up of several different German tribes
•Their shipbuilding skills allowed them to travel through most of Europe
•They attacked towns from the Atlantic Ocean all the way to the Baltic Sea
•
•Feudalism
•The break up of the Holy Roman Empire led to chaos
•Governments were no longer able to operate
•People needed economic and physical security
•Local landlords/nobles would provide for that security
•The feudal system developed
•Nobles offered protection and land in exchange for labor/service
•Knights and Vassals
•Vassal – a man who served a lord in a military capacity
•In return the lord would meet the vassals needs
•As military technology advanced, these Vassals were also known as Knights - heavily armored cavalry
•In exchange for land, men would commit to serving a lord
•These Knights, now landowners, would become part of the new aristocracy
•
•
•The Feudal Contract
•Loyalty to one’s lord was the number one virtue
•After obtaining land, Vassals were free to govern
•Many new governments were created
•These fiefs were all separate countries
•The feudal contract was an unwritten agreement that called for a vassal to serves his lord’s military for at least 40 days a year
•
•Nobility of the Middle Ages
•With many different governments, each Lord/King were in a constant state of warfare
•Many treaties and agreements were made to try and consolidate power
•To try to maintain some sense of order a code of behavior was adopted by most of the aristocracy
•Chivalry was a code of ethics that Knights in particular were supposed to uphold
•This code were the rules that gave the upper classes the stability needed to maintain wealth and power
•
•
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mkib3lYA2s
•
•
•
•Section 2
Peasants, Trade and Cities
•Quote 3
•“I would rather be tied to the soil as a serf ... than be king of all these dead and destroyed.”
Homer
•New Agriculture
•Climate changes and stability led to an increase in populations
•Technology helped increase agricultural efficiency
•Iron plows allowed for tilling of heavier soil
•Iron was expensive so families had to pool money to buy plow
•The number of oxen needed was also expensive
•Crop rotation
•Farms started a three field rotation of crops
•One field was always left untouched – fallow
•Crop rotations allowed for the soil to replenish itself and lead to better production
•The Manorial System
•Manor – an agricultural estate owned by a lord and ran by peasants
•Lords/vassal/knights need time to be soldiers
•Peasants were needed to run the estate
•Since the lord owned the land, peasants had to pay for it – rent/labor
•Peasants agreed to contracts to serve the lord
•This contract tied the peasant to the land and was called serfdom
•Serfdom
•Serfs had to give a large portion of their labor to the lord
•Serfs could not leave the manor without the lord’s permission
•Lord had legal authority over serfs
•Land given to the serfs could not be taken away, unless he could not pay his rent
•The lord’s duty was to protect his manor and his serfs
•This protection and stability allowed serfs to do their jobs
•Life of these peasants revolved around the agricultural cycle
•Trade
•As the manor system grew and reestablished stability, cities started to grow again
•These cities were centers of trade
•The production of iron and woolen goods were the largest items traded
•Kingdoms started to work together to gain trade advantages
•The trade leagues also were bound to protect each other
•The increase in trade led to the reestablishment of a monetary system
•Monetary systems created the need for banks and larger governments
•Growth of cities
•During the barbarian invasions, cities established by the Romans shrunk
•During this Medieval time, trade increased so cities grew
•Successful manors, led to the establishment of cities to support the manor
•A merchant class started to grow in these cities
•Lord’s held political authority over towns
•Trade allowed for merchant’s to freely operated in order to make money
•Growth of cities
•As merchant became successful they gained more freedom from the lord
•Merchants worked together to form guilds
•These guilds trained workers
•The guilds also promoted products and trade
•Cities were small due to the need for protection
•Walls were built and led to cramped conditions
•Cities were successful trading centers, but also unhealthy
•Chapter 10 Section 3
•Quote 4
•“I am ready to die for my Lord, that in my blood the Church may obtain liberty and peace.”
•-- Thomas Becket
•England in the Middle Ages
•Norman conquest
•William of Normandy invaded from France
•Became the King of England at the Battle of Hastings
•Norman knights were rewarded with land
•Normans would intermarry and blend with the Anglo-Saxons
•Created the English language
•Continued the Anglo-Saxon way of governing
•Henry II and the Church
•During Henry II the reign, the government (king) became more powerful
•He took jurisdiction over more court cases – criminal and property
•He extended his law over the entire country
•He tried to control the Catholic Church
•Thomas Becket, an archbishop challenged the King
•The King had Becket killed
•Public outrage over the killing led the King to back down
•Magna Carta
•English nobles did not like the King consolidating so much power
•They rebelled and defeated the King’s forces at Runnymede
•The King was forced to sign the Magna Carta
•This document stated that the King and nobles had mutual rights
•Eventually this will led to the formation of Parliament
•Parliament will be a limited form of democracy
•The King would allow Parliament to have a say on taxes and laws
•France in the Middle Ages
•France would undergo the same transformation as England
•As monarchs expanded their power, land owners (aristocracy) would demand representation
•France would maintain a strong relationship with the Catholic Church
•Their Parliament would be called the Estates General
•First estate – clergy
•Second estate – nobles
•Third estate – everyone else
•Holy Roman Empire
•Otto I of Saxony claimed the title Emperor of the Romans
•By agreeing to protect the Papal States, these new line of German King would rule over the German states and the Italian Peninsula
•This relationship between the Church and the Emperor was always tenuous
•Emperors were trying to consolidate their power, while the Pope was trying to maintain his
•As a result these Holy Roman Emperors could never bring everything together and left a divided Germany and Italy
•Central and Eastern Europe
•Slavs
•Most of these kingdoms were allied either to the Roman Catholic Church or the Byzantine Church
•Their governments would be allied to other states based on the religion
•Kievan Rus
•Vikings established a Kingdom east of the Slavs
•The City of Kiev became an economic and political center
•Eventually the Mongols will invade Kievan Rus and establish a new king
•Magna carta
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9zT4hkAxzLg
•
•
•
Medieval Europe
•If the populace knew with what idiocy they were ruled, they would revolt.
•Charlemagne
•Section 1
Feudalism
•End of the Carolingian Empire
•Charlemagne dies in 814
•Holy Roman Empire is broken apart
•Each King/Noble sought to assert their authority
•Empire divided into three areas
•Viking invasion
•Vikings came from Scandinavia
•They were made up of several different German tribes
•Their shipbuilding skills allowed them to travel through most of Europe
•They attacked towns from the Atlantic Ocean all the way to the Baltic Sea
•
•Feudalism
•The break up of the Holy Roman Empire led to chaos
•Governments were no longer able to operate
•People needed economic and physical security
•Local landlords/nobles would provide for that security
•The feudal system developed
•Nobles offered protection and land in exchange for labor/service
•Knights and Vassals
•Vassal – a man who served a lord in a military capacity
•In return the lord would meet the vassals needs
•As military technology advanced, these Vassals were also known as Knights - heavily armored cavalry
•In exchange for land, men would commit to serving a lord
•These Knights, now landowners, would become part of the new aristocracy
•
•
•The Feudal Contract
•Loyalty to one’s lord was the number one virtue
•After obtaining land, Vassals were free to govern
•Many new governments were created
•These fiefs were all separate countries
•The feudal contract was an unwritten agreement that called for a vassal to serves his lord’s military for at least 40 days a year
•
•Nobility of the Middle Ages
•With many different governments, each Lord/King were in a constant state of warfare
•Many treaties and agreements were made to try and consolidate power
•To try to maintain some sense of order a code of behavior was adopted by most of the aristocracy
•Chivalry was a code of ethics that Knights in particular were supposed to uphold
•This code were the rules that gave the upper classes the stability needed to maintain wealth and power
•
•
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mkib3lYA2s
•
•
•
•Section 2
Peasants, Trade and Cities
•Quote 3
•“I would rather be tied to the soil as a serf ... than be king of all these dead and destroyed.”
Homer
•New Agriculture
•Climate changes and stability led to an increase in populations
•Technology helped increase agricultural efficiency
•Iron plows allowed for tilling of heavier soil
•Iron was expensive so families had to pool money to buy plow
•The number of oxen needed was also expensive
•Crop rotation
•Farms started a three field rotation of crops
•One field was always left untouched – fallow
•Crop rotations allowed for the soil to replenish itself and lead to better production
•The Manorial System
•Manor – an agricultural estate owned by a lord and ran by peasants
•Lords/vassal/knights need time to be soldiers
•Peasants were needed to run the estate
•Since the lord owned the land, peasants had to pay for it – rent/labor
•Peasants agreed to contracts to serve the lord
•This contract tied the peasant to the land and was called serfdom
•Serfdom
•Serfs had to give a large portion of their labor to the lord
•Serfs could not leave the manor without the lord’s permission
•Lord had legal authority over serfs
•Land given to the serfs could not be taken away, unless he could not pay his rent
•The lord’s duty was to protect his manor and his serfs
•This protection and stability allowed serfs to do their jobs
•Life of these peasants revolved around the agricultural cycle
•Trade
•As the manor system grew and reestablished stability, cities started to grow again
•These cities were centers of trade
•The production of iron and woolen goods were the largest items traded
•Kingdoms started to work together to gain trade advantages
•The trade leagues also were bound to protect each other
•The increase in trade led to the reestablishment of a monetary system
•Monetary systems created the need for banks and larger governments
•Growth of cities
•During the barbarian invasions, cities established by the Romans shrunk
•During this Medieval time, trade increased so cities grew
•Successful manors, led to the establishment of cities to support the manor
•A merchant class started to grow in these cities
•Lord’s held political authority over towns
•Trade allowed for merchant’s to freely operated in order to make money
•Growth of cities
•As merchant became successful they gained more freedom from the lord
•Merchants worked together to form guilds
•These guilds trained workers
•The guilds also promoted products and trade
•Cities were small due to the need for protection
•Walls were built and led to cramped conditions
•Cities were successful trading centers, but also unhealthy
•Chapter 10 Section 3
•Quote 4
•“I am ready to die for my Lord, that in my blood the Church may obtain liberty and peace.”
•-- Thomas Becket
•England in the Middle Ages
•Norman conquest
•William of Normandy invaded from France
•Became the King of England at the Battle of Hastings
•Norman knights were rewarded with land
•Normans would intermarry and blend with the Anglo-Saxons
•Created the English language
•Continued the Anglo-Saxon way of governing
•Henry II and the Church
•During Henry II the reign, the government (king) became more powerful
•He took jurisdiction over more court cases – criminal and property
•He extended his law over the entire country
•He tried to control the Catholic Church
•Thomas Becket, an archbishop challenged the King
•The King had Becket killed
•Public outrage over the killing led the King to back down
•Magna Carta
•English nobles did not like the King consolidating so much power
•They rebelled and defeated the King’s forces at Runnymede
•The King was forced to sign the Magna Carta
•This document stated that the King and nobles had mutual rights
•Eventually this will led to the formation of Parliament
•Parliament will be a limited form of democracy
•The King would allow Parliament to have a say on taxes and laws
•France in the Middle Ages
•France would undergo the same transformation as England
•As monarchs expanded their power, land owners (aristocracy) would demand representation
•France would maintain a strong relationship with the Catholic Church
•Their Parliament would be called the Estates General
•First estate – clergy
•Second estate – nobles
•Third estate – everyone else
•Holy Roman Empire
•Otto I of Saxony claimed the title Emperor of the Romans
•By agreeing to protect the Papal States, these new line of German King would rule over the German states and the Italian Peninsula
•This relationship between the Church and the Emperor was always tenuous
•Emperors were trying to consolidate their power, while the Pope was trying to maintain his
•As a result these Holy Roman Emperors could never bring everything together and left a divided Germany and Italy
•Central and Eastern Europe
•Slavs
•Most of these kingdoms were allied either to the Roman Catholic Church or the Byzantine Church
•Their governments would be allied to other states based on the religion
•Kievan Rus
•Vikings established a Kingdom east of the Slavs
•The City of Kiev became an economic and political center
•Eventually the Mongols will invade Kievan Rus and establish a new king
•Magna carta
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9zT4hkAxzLg
•
•
•